Here is the translation of the text into English:

• In 1370, clocks began to become popular in France and England.
• The Swiss watch industry emerged in 1541 when jewelers in Geneva had to learn clock-making from refugees from France and Italy due to the ban on wearing jewelry. Spring-driven clocks were also developed during this period.
• In 1574, the pocket watch made of copper was born.
• In 1620, watch glass made its appearance, marking the beginning of the development of luxury watch models.
• Watches began to have minute hands in 1680 and second hands in 1690.
• By the 17th century, improvements such as the balance spring, invented in 1675, helped stabilize the oscillator, and the invention of the escapement in 1716 by George Graham had enhanced the accuracy of mechanical watches.
• In 1770, when Abraham-Louis Perrelet invented the self-winding mechanism – a significant leap in the development of automatic mechanical watches.
• In 1795, Abraham-Louis Breguet continued to make a mark with the invention of the Tourbillon, which helps reduce errors caused by gravity.
• In 1822, Nicolas Rieussec invented the “seconds chronograph,” heralding the era of the chronograph watch.
• In 1915, the first mechanical wrist chronograph watch was introduced by Breitling, featuring a separate button instead of being integrated into the winding crown as before.
• In 1926, the world welcomed the first mechanical diving watch with the famous waterproof Rolex Oyster model. Later, in 1931, the companies LeCoultre & Cie and Jaeger of France collaborated to create the Reverso watch collection with a protective design for the watch glass.
• In 1969, when the world’s first automatic chronograph watch models were born, featuring the Calibre 6139 from Seiko and El Primero from Zenith. Although the quartz crisis in the 1970s threatened the existence of mechanical watches, many major watch brands continued to develop additional mechanical models with many new features, using advanced materials, and continued to assert their place in the watch market.

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